|
|
Guide
to the references
An introduction to
the methodology of ExternE and its principal results can be found in
Friedrich, Rabl + Spadaro 2001. This is one of the papers in the
special bilingual
issue of the journal Pollution Atmosphérique (December 2001),
coordinated by Dr. A. Rabl,
with the theme Combien vaut l'air propre? - How much is clean air
worth? The
introduction to this special issue ("Why Quantify the Monetary Value of
Environmental
Benefits?" - " Pourquoi quantifier la valeur monétaire des
benefices
environnementaux?", Rabl A 2001a) explains the context of this work and
its relevance
for environmental policy.
Pollution
Atmosphérique (December
2001)
Why
quantify
the monetary value
of environmental benefits? [English] [French]
Greater
awareness of air
pollution and its effects [English] [French]
Quantifying
the costs of air pollution: the ExternE Project of the EC [English]
[French]
The
value of
statistical life: an economic assessment, methods, results and context
[English] [French]
Air
pollution: the
value of morbidity [English] [French]
Impacts
of air pollution
on building materials [English] [French]
Progress
in estimating the
marginal costs of greenhouse gas emissions [English] [French]
Applications
of
ExternE methodology [English] [French]
Economic
instruments
at the service of atmospheric pollution control - the case of tradable
permits [English]
[French]
Pollution
tax and other
policy instruments: who pays what? [English] [French]
The methodology
for the analysis of impact pathways (also known as damage function) is
described in Rabl + Spadaro 2000a. For a more complete and
up-to-date account the reader is
referred to the
report "Methodology 2004 Update" of the ExternE Project.
We have worked on a wide range of methodological issues, from
dispersion modeling to dose-response functions and monetary valuation.
The impacts and damage costs of toxic metals (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni and
Pb) have been analyzed by Spadaro and Rabl 2004 (for As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb) and Spadaro and Rabl 2007b (for Hg);
an update of the results for Pb can be found in Rabl 2006.
We have evaluated
numerous applications, in particular electricity production,
transportation, waste treatment and agriculture. Detailed results for
the incineration of waste, including
cancer risks due to dioxins, are presented in Rabl, Spadaro +
McGavran 1998. Results
for transport can be found in Spadaro et al 1998, and in Spadaro +
Rabl 2001, with an
assessment of electric vehicles in Funk + Rabl 1999. For
applications to cost-benefit
analysis of environmental regulations see Rabl, Spadaro + Desaigues
1998 and Rabl
2000.
Note that the damage cost estimates in the various
publications are not always the same because the methodology has been
evolving. There is a profound difference before and after 1996, due to
the publication of a major study in 1995, by a team at Harvard
University, of the chronic impacts of air pollution on mortality, and
due to a change in the valuation of air pollution mortality (loss of
life expectancy, rather than number of deaths).
Main publications
TOPIC
|
REFERENCES |
Impact pathways
methodology |
| Methodology
for the analysis of impact pathways |
Rabl
+ Spadaro 2000a
Rabl
+ Spadaro 2001
Friedrich,
Rabl + Spadaro 2001
(see also the ExternE
Methodology Update 2004) |
| Determination
of the so-called "value of statistical life" |
Desaigues
+ Rabl 1995 |
Determination
of the value of a life year
|
Desaigues
et al 2004
(contingent valuation in France)
Rabl
2004
(value implied by maximization of utility)
Desaigues
et al 2006
(contingent valuation in 9 countries of EU)
|
| Discounting
of intergenerational costs |
Rabl
1996 |
| Particulate
matter composition and uncertainties in health dose-response functions |
Rabl
1999c |
| Damage
estimates due to ozone |
Rabl
+ Eyre 1998 |
| Air pollution
damage to buildings |
Rabl
1999a |
| Calculation
of years of life lost due to air pollution |
Rabl
1998 (static
calculation)
Leksell
+
Rabl 2000 (dynamic calculation)
Rabl
2003
(updated results including infant mortality)
[version
française]
Rabl
2006 (relation between time series, intervention studies and
cohort studies)
|
| Multimedia
assessment of toxic metal emissions |
Spadaro
+ Rabl 2004 (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb)
Spadaro
+ Rabl 2007
(Hg)
|
Uncertainty |
| An analysis
of uncertainties of air pollution |
Rabl
+ Spadaro 1999 (first version)
Rabl
+ Spadaro 2007 (more comprehensive methodology and updated
estimates of the uncertainties)
|
Effect of the
uncertainties on policy decisions
|
Rabl,
Spadaro + van der
Zwaan 2005
|
External costs of
transport |
| External
costs of transport |
Spadaro
et al 1998 |
| Health
costs of transport |
Rabl + Spadaro 2000
|
| Damage
assessment for electric vehicles |
Funk
+ Rabl 1999 |
| Augmentation
of damages due to trapping of pollution in street canyons |
Spadaro
+ Rabl 2001 |
| Comparison of
buses with diesel
(w and w/o particle filter) and with natural gas |
Rabl 2002a
|
Comparison of
diesel and gasoline cars
|
IntPanis et al
2002
|
Voiture
propre (in French only)
|
Rabl 2003a
|
External costs of
energy |
| External
costs of nuclear energy in France |
Dreicer,
Tort + Margerie 1995
|
| Health and environmental impacts of
energy systems |
Rabl
+ Dreicer
2002 |
| External
costs of energy |
Rabl + Spadaro 2000a.
[version pour la
France]
|
Agricultural impacts |
| Damage cost
of nitrogen fertilizer |
SusTools 2004
von
Blottnitz, Rabl, Boiadjiev, Taylor + Arnold 2006
|
Waste treatment |
| Health risks
of air pollution from waste incineration |
Rabl,
Spadaro +
McGavran 1998
[version
française]
|
Health risks
of air pollution from waste incineration, an update
|
Rabl
+ Spadaro 2002
|
Comparison of
damage costs of landfill and incineration
|
SusTools 2004
Rabl,
Spadaro +
Zoughaib
2007
|
Policy applications |
| Health risks
due to technologies (comparisons, perception, communication) |
Rabl
et al 2000 |
| Health costs
due to air pollution in Paris [in French] |
Rabl
1999b |
| Cost benefit
analysis of environmental choices |
Rabl,
Spadaro +
Desaigues 1998
Rabl
2000 |
| Environmental
benefits of natural gas for buses |
Rabl
2002 |
Environmental benefits of PV: do
they justify the development costs?
|
van
der Zwaan +
Rabl 2003 (detailed solar calculations)
van
der Zwaan + Rabl 2004
|
Simplified
methodologies and software |
| Air
dispersion and variation of damages with site and source characteristics |
Curtiss
+ Rabl 1996a
Spadaro 1999 (see RiskPoll documentation) |
| Software for
the analysis of air pollution damage |
Curtiss
+ Rabl 1996b
(PathWays)
Spadaro 1999 (RiskPoll software) |
List of references
 |
Curtiss
PS + A Rabl 1996a.
"Impacts of air pollution: general relationships and site dependence".
Atmospheric Environment, Vol.30, p.3331-3347. |
|
Curtiss
PS + A Rabl
1996b. "Impact Analysis for Air and Water Pollution: Methodology
and Software Implementation". Chapter 13, p.393-426. Environmental
Modeling - Vol.3. P. Zannetti, editor. |
|
Desaigues
B + A Rabl
1995. "Reference Values For Human Life: An econometric analysis of
a contingent valuation in France". Chapter 5, p.85-112. Contingent
Valuation, Transport Safety and Value of Life. N. Schwab + N.
Soguel, editors. Kluwer, Boston. |
|
Dreicer
M, V Tort + H
Margerie 1995. "Nuclear fuel cycle: implementation in France".
Final report for ExternE Program, contract EC DG12 JOU2-CT92-0236.
CEPN, F-92263 Fontenay-aux-Roses. This report is also included in Rabl
et al [1996]. |
|
Dreicer M. 1996. "Evaluation des
impacts de la production d’électricité: Elaboration d’une
méthode pour la filière nucléaire et comparaison
avec la filière du charbon". Thèse de docteur en
énergétique, Ecole des Mines de Paris, décembre
1996. |
|
Friedrich
R, A Rabl
+ JV Spadaro 2001. “Quantifying the Costs of Air Pollution: -
The ExternE Project of the European Commission” – “Quantification des
coûts de la pollution atmosphérique: le projet ExternE de
la Commission européenne”. Pollution Atmosphérique,
Special bilingual Issue Dec. 2001, 77-104. |
|
Funk
K + A Rabl 1999.
“Electric versus conventional vehicles: Social Costs and Benefits in
France”. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment,
Vol.4(6), 397-411. |
|
Int
Panis L, A. Rabl, L. De
Nocker, R. Torfs, 2002. “Diesel or petrol? An environmental
comparison hampered by uncertainty”. Proceedings of 11th International
Symp. Transport and Air Pollution. Mitteilungen Institut für
Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Therodynamik. Ed. P. Sturm, Technische
Universität Graz, Austria. Heft 81, Vol 1, p 48-54. |
|
Leksell
L + A Rabl 2001.
"Air Pollution and Mortality: Quantification and Valuation of Years of
Life Lost". Risk Analysis, vol.21(5), 843-857. |
|
A.
Rabl, J. V. Spadaro and A. Zoughaib 2007. “Environmental Impacts
and Costs of Municipal Solid Waste: A Comparison of Landfill and
Incineration”. Waste Management + Research, in press.
|
|
Rabl 2006.
“Analysis of air pollution mortality in terms of life expectancy
changes: relation between time series, intervention and cohort
studies”. A. Rabl. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source
2006, 5:1 (01 Feb 2006), http://www.ehjournal.net/content/5/1/1
|
|
Rabl 2005a.
"Analyse coût-bénéfice du contrôle de la
pollution : nécessité, méthodologie et
Exemples". Économie et Prévision n°167(1),
p.1-12 (2005).
|
|
Rabl
2005b. “Air pollution mortality: harvesting and loss of life
expectancy”. J Toxicology and Environ Health, A 68: 1175-80
(2005).
|
|
|
Rabl
A 2004. "Monetary
Valuation of Air Pollution Mortality: The Value of a Life Year Implied
by Utility Maximization"
|
|
Rabl 2003.
"Interpretation of Air Pollution Mortality: Number of Deaths or Years
of Life Lost?" J Air and Waste Management, Vol.53(1), 41-50 (2003). [French
version]
|
|
Rabl
A 2002a.
“Environmental Benefits of Natural Gas for Buses”, Transportation
Research, Part D, Vol.7(6), 391-405 (2002). |
|
Rabl
A + M
Dreicer 2002. "Health and Environmental Impacts of Energy Systems".
International Journal of Global Energy Issues, vol.18(2/3/4), 113-150
(2002) |
|
Rabl
A 2001a.
“Why Quantify the Monetary Value of Environmental Benefits? – Pourquoi
quantifier la valeur monétaire des benefices environnementaux?”
Introduction to Special bilingual Issue of Pollution
Atmosphérique, Dec. 2001, 5-13. [version
française] |
|
Rabl
A 2001b. “The
Importance of External Costs for the Competitiveness of Renewable
Energies”. International Journal of Global Energy Issues, Vol. 15
(1-2), 49-58 (2001). |
|
Rabl
A 2000. “Criteria for
limits on the emission of dust from cement kilns that burn waste as
fuel”. ARMINES/Ecole des Mines de Paris, Paris. March 2000. 10 pp. |
|
Rabl
A 1999a. "Air Pollution
and Buildings: an Estimation of Damage Costs in France". Environmental
Impact Assessment Review, vol.19(4), pp. 361 – 385. A French version
has been published by Rabl A + L Teulère 1999. "Estimation
des coûts attribuables à la pollution de l’air dans le
secteur du bâtiment". Pollution Atmosphérique, vol.164,
octobre-décembre 1999, pp.81-91. [version pour la
France] |
|
Rabl A
1999b. “Les
bénéfices monétaires d'une amélioration de
la qualité de l'air en Ile-de-France”. Pollution
Atmosphérique, janvier-mars 1999, pp.83-94. |
|
Rabl
A 1999c.
"Uncertainty about components of PM10 and their toxicities and its
effect on estimation of health damage", p. 467-474, Proceedings AIR
POLLUTION 99, Palo Alto, California, USA, 27 - 29 July 1999. |
|
Rabl
A 1998. “Mortality risks
of air pollution: the role of exposure-response functions". Journal of
Hazardous Materials, vol.61, pp.91-98. |
|
Rabl
A 1996. "Discounting
of long term costs: what would future generations prefer us to do?"
Ecological Economics, Vol.17, p.137-145 |
|
Rabl A
+ N Eyre 1998. "An
Estimate of regional and global ozone damage from precursor NOx and VOC
Emissions". Environment International, vol.24, 835-850. |
|
Rabl A + B Peuportier 1995.
"Impact Pathways Analysis: a Tool for Improving Environmental Decision
Processes". Environmental Impact Assessment Review. Vol.15, p. 421-442
(1995). |
|
|
Rabl
A, J. V. Spadaro + B.
van der Zwaan 2005. “Uncertainty of Pollution Damage Cost
Estimates: to What Extent does it Matter?”. Environmental Science +
Technology, vol.39(2), 399-408 (2005).
|
|
Rabl
A + JV Spadaro
2002. “Health Impacts of Waste Incineration”. Issues in
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol.18 Environmental Impact of
Solid Waste Management Activities, 171-193 (2002). Royal Society of
Chemistry, UK. |
|
Rabl
A + JV Spadaro 2001b.
“The Cost of Pollution and the Benefit of Solar Energy”., pp.437-475.
Solar Energy: the State of the Art. JM Gordon editor. International
Solar Energy Society, James + James (Science Publishers) Ltd,
London, UK. (2001). |
|
Rabl
A + JV Spadaro 2000b.
"Health Costs of Automobile Pollution" Revue Française
d’Allergologie et d’Immunologie Clinique, vol.40(1), 55-59. |
|
Rabl
A + JV
Spadaro 2000c. "Public Health Aspects of the Available Electricity
Sources". SFEN 2000 (Société Française d’Energie
Nucléaire) Strasbourg, 27-29 Nov. 2000. |
|
Rabl
A + JV Spadaro 1999.
"Environmental Damages and Costs: an Analysis of Uncertainties".
Environment International, Vol.25(1), 29-46 (1999) |
|
Rabl
A, JV Spadaro +
PD McGavran 1998. "Health Risks of Air Pollution from Incinerators:
a Perspective". Waste Management + Research, vol.16, pp.365-388. French
version published as "Effets sur la santé de la pollution
atmosphérique due aux incinérateurs : une perspective".
Déchets, Sciences + Technique. Nº9, pp.4-22 (1998).
This paper received the 1998 ISWA (International Solid Waste
Association) Publication Award. |
|
Rabl
A (coordinator), A
Azapagic, C Blin, B Burzynska-Weis, R Clift, B Desaigues, S Dresner, G
Gandara, N Gilbert, S Krüger Nielsen, J Miller, P Riera, N Soguel,
B Sørensen, JV Spadaro, + P van Griethuysen 1999.
"Impact Assessment and Authorization Procedure for Installations with
Major Environmental Risks". Final Report for Contract ENV4-CT96-0236
(Environmental Risk), DG XII. Final Report, Aug. 1999. |
|
Rabl A (coordinator), PS
Curtiss, JV Spadaro, B Hernandez, A Pons, M Dreicer, V Tort, H
Margerie, G Landrieu, B Desaigues + D Proult 1996. "Environmental
Impacts and Costs: the Nuclear and the Fossil Fuel Cycles". Report to
European Commission DG12, Version 3.0 June 1996. ARMINES (Ecole des
Mines). Approx. 300 p. |
|
Spadaro JV and Rabl A
2007a. “Estimating the Uncertainty of Damage Costs of Pollution: a
Simple Transparent Method and Typical Results”. Environmental
Impact Assessment Review, in press.
|
|
Spadaro + Rabl 2007b.
"Global Health Impacts and Costs due to Mercury Emissions"
|
|
Spadaro
JV + A Rabl
2004. "Pathways Analysis for Population-Total Health Impacts of
Toxic Metal Emissions". Risk Analysis, vol.24(5), 1121-1141. |
|
Spadaro
JV + A Rabl 2002.
"Air pollution damage estimates: the cost per kilogramme of pollutant".
International J. of Risk Assessment and Management, Vol.3 (1), 75-98
(2002). |
|
Spadaro
JV + A Rabl 2001.
“Damage Costs due to Automotive Air Pollution and the Influence of
Street Canyons”. Atmospheric Environment, vol.35 (28), 4763 – 4775
(2001). |
|
Spadaro
JV + A Rabl 1999.
“Estimates of real damage from air pollution: site dependence and
simple impact indices for LCA”. International J. of Life Cycle
Assessment. Vol.4 (4), 229-243. |
|
Spadaro JV 1999. "Quantifying
the Effects of Airborne Pollution: Impact Models, Sensitivity Analyses
and Applications". Doctoral thesis, Ecole des Mines, 60 boul.
St.-Michel, F-75272 Paris, France. |
|
van
der Zwaan B
+ A Rabl 2003. "Prospects for PV: A Learning Curve Analysis".
Solar Energy, vol. 74, 19-31 (2003). |
|
van
der Zwaan B + Rabl A
2004. “The learning potential of photovoltaics: implications for
energy policy”., Energy Policy, vol.32(13), 1545–1554.
|
|
von Blottnitz H,
Rabl A, Boiadjiev D, Taylor T and S. Arnold S. 2006. “Damage Costs
of Nitrogen Fertilizer in Europe and Their Internalization”. J.
Environmental Planning and Management, Vol. 49, No. 3, 413 – 433, May
2006.
|
URL: http://arirabl.org/
Copyright ©, Dr. Ari Rabl
This page was last updated on
9 May 2007.
|
